Giovanni di bicci biography of mahatma gandhi

Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici c. While other members of the Medici family, such as Chiarissimo di Giambuono de' Medici, who served in the Signoria of Florence in , and Salvestro de' Medici , who was implicated in the Ciompi Revolt of , are of historical interest, it was Giovanni's founding of the family bank that truly initiated the family's rise to power in Florence.

Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici was born in Florence , Italy. He was the son of Averardo de' Medici and Jacopa Spini. This inheritance was divided among Giovanni and his four brothers, leaving Giovanni with very little. Vieri helped Giovanni begin his career in the Florentine banking system. He worked his way up through the ranks, eventually becoming a junior partner in the branch located in Rome.

This growth culminated with the acquisition as the Chief Papal Banker, which meant that the Medici Bank now handled the accounts of the Church. The Medici bank under Giovanni had branches throughout the northern Italian city-states and beyond, and constituted an early "multi-national" company. Giovanni owned two wool workshops in Florence, and was a member of two guilds: the Arte della Lana and the Arte del Cambio.

In , Giovanni bet on the permanent return of the papacy to Rome after a long period of exile and schism, and was correct; the papacy was permanently installed in Rome in under a single pope after the deliberations of the Council of Constance. One way in which he laid the groundwork for this was by marrying Piccarda Bueri , whose old and respectable family brought him a large dowry.

De Medici paid the stiff ransom of 38, ducats himself, and when the former pope died the following year in Florence, de Medici sponsored the construction of his magnificent tomb in the Baptistery. Despite his growing wealth, Giovanni was diligent in his efforts not to separate the Medici family from the other citizens in Florence. He did so by continuously ensuring that he and his sons dressed and behaved like the average working-class citizens of Florence.

This was in part due to his desire not to draw undue attention to himself and his family, and to ensure that, unlike other wealthy families, the Medici remained in the favour of the population. His hopes were to build a positive reputation of his family by avoiding conflicts with the law and keeping the people of Florence happy. His disposition can be understood in his writings, "Strive to keep the people at peace, and the strong places well cared for.

Main article: Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi. See also: Gandhism. Followers and international influence. Global days that celebrate Gandhi. Film, theatre, and literature. Current impact within India. Not to be confused with the Indian political family Nehru—Gandhi family. Retrieved 24 January P Mahatma Gandhi A Chronology. Publications Division.

ISBN The Floating Press. Archived from the original on 29 March Retrieved 29 March Archived from the original on 21 July Retrieved 21 July Identity and Religion: Foundations of anti-Islamism in India. Sage Publications. Mohandas Gandhi. Infobase Publishing. The name Gandhi means "grocer", although Mohandas's father and grandfather were politicians not grocers.

The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 7 October Retrieved 15 July The Ways and Power of Love: types, factors, and techniques of moral transformation. Templeton Foundation Press. Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 19 March Responses to Questions on Hinduism. Paulist Press. Retrieved 16 August Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography.

Yale University Press. John Zavos; et al. Public Hinduisms. Orissa Review January : 45— Archived from the original PDF on 1 January Retrieved 23 February The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Archived from the original on 7 March Retrieved 20 February Gandhi, his life and message for the world. New American Library. Retrieved 4 June Gandhi Before India.

Alfred A. Archived from the original on 2 July Nanda Archived from the original on 13 May Retrieved 3 June India Currents. Archived from the original on 16 January Retrieved 16 January Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 15 May Mahatma: Tendulkar, Mahatma; life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.

Archived from the original on 8 June Retrieved 11 August Gandhi — ". Archived from the original on 5 December Retrieved 26 September In Roxanne Reid ed. New History of South Africa 1st ed. The Journal of Modern African Studies. ISSN X. JSTOR S2CID Mawenzi House Publishers Limited. Archived from the original on 17 March Retrieved 17 March Archived from the original on 9 September Retrieved 17 September Gandhi: a very short introduction.

Oxford University Press. Other Places Publishing. Press Information Bureau of India — Archive. Archived PDF from the original on 28 September Retrieved 18 July Concept Publishing Company. The Literature Network. Archived from the original on 10 November Retrieved 12 February Mathai; M. John; Siby K. Joseph eds. Meditations on Gandhi : a Ravindra Varma festschrift.

New Delhi: Concept. Retrieved 8 September Univ of California Press. Retrieved 15 November Encyclopedia of Hinduism. New York: Facts On File. Retrieved 5 July Stanford University Press. University of California Press. The Wire. Archived from the original on 25 December Retrieved 11 January Minorities and the State in Africa. Cambria Press.

Archived from the original on 7 September Retrieved 7 September Retrieved 25 December The Times of India. ISSN Archived from the original on 15 April Philosophy Now. Archived from the original on 24 March South African Historical Journal. Archived from the original on 2 May Retrieved 20 January Political Science Quarterly.

Based on public domain volumes. Day-to-day with Gandhi: secretary's diary. Translated by Hemantkumar Nilkanth. Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan. Archived 15 October at the Wayback Machine Chapter " Appeal for enlistment", Nadiad, 22 June Archived 15 October at the Wayback Machine "Chapter 8. Letter to J. Maffey", Nadiad, 30 April Satyagraha Foundation.

Archived from the original on 5 February Retrieved 5 February Jarboe University of Nebraska. Archived from the original on 21 October Retrieved 16 October Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Indian National Congress website. All India Congress Committee. Archived from the original on 6 December Retrieved 25 February Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics — Bloomsbury Academic.

Archived from the original on 3 February Retrieved 3 February The First World War. Paine Jinnah vs. Rabindranath Tagore heavily criticized Gandhi at the time in private letters They reveal Tagore's belief that Gandhi had committed the Indian political nation to a cause that was mistakenly anti-Western and fundamentally negative. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society.

Psychology Press. Ahmed Retrieved 18 April Orient Blackswan. Archived from the original on 10 July Retrieved 25 August He was arrested on 10 March and was sentenced to prison for six years. Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy. Modern India: — Wipf and Stock Publishers. Archived from the original on 5 October Retrieved 6 August Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House.

Also available at Wikisource. Indian Politics and Society since Independence: events, processes and ideology. Retrieved 4 April Sahitya Akademi. Gandhi and Gandhi and the Mass Movement. New Delhi. Indian Historical Review. City University of New York Press. Gandhi and the Mass Movement.

Giovanni di bicci biography of mahatma gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi. Evans Brothers. Retrieved 5 January Hogg Encyclopedia of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 28 September Archived from the original on 2 October Dirks Princeton University Press. Allied Publishers. Jawaharlal Nehru, A Biography. Archived from the original on 27 May Retrieved 27 May Orissa Review.

Archived from the original PDF on 24 December Retrieved 12 April Modern Asian Studies. The Routledge Companion to Inclusive Leadership. Routledge Companions in Business, Management and Marketing. Retrieved 8 December Policing and Decolonisation: Politics, Nationalism, and the Police, Studies in imperialism. Manchester University Press.

India's Struggle for Independence. Penguin Books. A Fine Family. Navajivan Publishing House. Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru: a historic partnership. Publishing Corporation. End of empire. Retrieved 1 September By the late s, the League and the Congress had impressed in the British their own visions of a free future for Indian people. The New York Times.

Archived from the original on 30 April Retrieved 25 March Propaganda and information in Eastern India, — a necessary weapon of war. They heard about it on the radio, from relations and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Among a population of almost four hundred million, where the vast majority lived in the countryside, For some, the butchery and forced relocation of the summer months of may have been the first they know about the creation of the two new states rising from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India.

A History of India. Archived from the original on 23 December Retrieved 6 June Divide and Quit. A concise history of modern India. Random House Digital, Inc. His decision was made suddenly, though after considerable thought — he gave no hint of it even to Nehru and Patel who were with him shortly before he announced his intention at a prayer-meeting on 12 January He said he would fast until communal peace was restored, real peace rather than the calm of a dead city imposed by police and troops.

Patel and the government took the fast partly as condemnation of their decision to withhold a considerable cash sum still outstanding to Pakistan as a result of the allocation of undivided India's assets because the hostilities that had broken out in Kashmir; But even when the government agreed to pay out the cash, Gandhi would not break his fast: that he would only do after a large number of important politicians and leaders of communal bodies agreed to a joint plan for restoration of normal life in the city.

LCCN Disputes over Kashmir and the division of assets and water in the aftermath of Partition increased Pakistan's anxieties regarding its much larger neighbor. Kashmir's significance for Pakistan far exceeded its strategic value; its "illegal" accession to India challenged the state's ideological foundations and pointed to a lack of sovereign fulfillment.

The "K" in Pakistan's name stood for Kashmir. Of less symbolic significance was the division of post-Partition assets. Not until December was an agreement reached on Pakistan's share of the sterling assets held by the undivided Government of India at the time of independence. The bulk of these million rupees was held back by New Delhi because of the Kashmir conflict and paid only following Gandhi's intervention and fasting.

India delivered Pakistan's military equipment even more tardily, and less than a sixth of the , tons of ordnance allotted to Pakistan by the Joint Defence Council was actually delivered. Violence: A History of the British Empire. A few months later, with war-fueled tensions over Kashmir mounting and India refusing to pay Pakistan million rupees, Pakistan's share of Britain's outstanding war debt, Gandhi began to fast.

Lindhardt og Ringhof. Sardar Patel decided, in the middle of December , that the recent financial agreements with Pakistan should not be followed, unless Pakistan ceased to support the raiders. Gandhi was not convinced and he felt—like Mountbatten and Nehru—that the agreed transfer to Pakistan of a cash amount of Rs. Gandhi started a fast unto death, which was officially done to stop communal trouble, especially in Delhi, but "word went round that it was directed against Sardar Patel's decision to withhold the cash balances" Only because of Gandhi's interference, which was soon to cause his death, Sardar Patel gave in and the money was handed over to Pakistan.

Delhi and Chennai: Pearson Education. This last fast seems to have been directed in part also against Patel's increasingly communal attitudes the Home Minister had started thinking in terms of a total transfer of population in the Punjab, and was refusing to honour a prior agreement by which India was obliged to give 55 crores of pre-Partition Government of India financial assets to Pakistan.

The national capital and its surrounding areas are gripped by massacres and the spewing of hate. The two Punjabs on either side of the border are aflame. On 1 January , a Thai visitor comes and compliments him on India's independence. Indian fears his brother Indian. Is this independence? Gandhi smarts at the Government of India's new cabinet headed by Jawaharlal Nehru deciding to withhold the transfer of Pakistan's share Rs 55 crores of the 'sterling balance' that undivided India has held at independence.

The attack on Kashmur is cited as a reason for this. Patel says India cannot give money to Pakistan 'for making bullets to be shot at us'. Gandhi's intense agitation settles into an inner quiet on 12 January when the clear thought comes to him that he must fast. And indefinitely. For further evidence of Patel's involvement in the clearing of Muslims in north India, see Pandey , Against the background of the India-Pakistan conflict in Kashmir, the dispute between the two countries over the division of cash balances and Gandhi's fast in early , Mountbatten noted the following of his interview with Patel: 'He expressed the view that the only way to re-establish decent relationship between the Muslims and non-Muslim communities was to remove Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan and drive out the Muslims of the East Punjab and the affected neighbouring areas.

Mountbatten Papers, University of Southampton. Giovanni was somewhat uninterested in politics, unless the issues pertained to his family or bank. Often when his name was put forward to participate in the Florentine government reggimento , he chose to pay the fine rather than serve, although he did serve one term as Gonfaloniere. Giovanni was at the head of an early "multi-national" company, as the family bank, his main commercial interest, had branches throughout the northern Italian city-states and beyond.

In , Giovanni bet on the return of the papacy to Rome, and was correct. Rewarding Giovanni for his support, the Pope gave Giovanni's general manager control of the Apostolic Chamber. Subsequent popes made use of the Medici banks. Giovanni was also rewarded with tax-farming contracts and the rights to many alum mines. He soon accepted a position with an Indian firm that sent him to its office in South Africa.

Along with his wife, Kasturbai, and their children, Gandhi remained in South Africa for nearly 20 years. Did you know? The march resulted in the arrest of nearly 60, people, including Gandhi himself. Gandhi was appalled by the discrimination he experienced as an Indian immigrant in South Africa. When a European magistrate in Durban asked him to take off his turban, he refused and left the courtroom.

On a train voyage to Pretoria, he was thrown out of a first-class railway compartment and beaten up by a white stagecoach driver after refusing to give up his seat for a European passenger. In , after the Transvaal government passed an ordinance regarding the registration of its Indian population, Gandhi led a campaign of civil disobedience that would last for the next eight years.

During its final phase in , hundreds of Indians living in South Africa, including women, went to jail, and thousands of striking Indian miners were imprisoned, flogged and even shot.