Toshio murashige biography of mahatma

Larkin PJ, Scowcroft WR Somaclonal variation — a novel source of variability from cell cultures for plant improvement. Life Sci — Liabach F Embryo culture for interspecific crosses in Linum spp. Ber Bot Ges Melchers G, Labib G Somatic hybridisation of plants by fusion protoplasts. Mol Gen Genet — Carlsberg Res Commun — Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult — Miller C, Skoog F Chemical control of bud formation in tobacco stem segments.

J Am Chem Soc Mitra GC, Chaturvedi HC Embryoids and complete plants from unpollinated ovaries from ovules of in vivo grown emasculated flower buds of Citrus spp. Bull Torrey Bot Club Morel GM Producing virus-free Cymbidiums. Am Orchid Soc Bull — Morel G Meristem culture techniques for the long term storage of cultivated plants. Compt Rendus — CAS Google Scholar.

Morgan TH Regeneration. Muir WH Cultural condition favoring the isolation and growth of single cell from higher plants in vitro. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin. Science — Hort Sci Murashige T Plant propagation through tissue culture. Annu Rev Plant Physiol — Murashige T, Skoog F A revised medium for rapid growth and bio-assays with tobacco tissue cultures.

Physiol Plant — Newcomb EH Folke K. Skoog — Plant Mol Biol Rep — Compt Rendus Soc Biol Lyon — Nomura K, Komamine A Identification and isolation of single cells that produce somatic embryos at a high frequency in a carrot suspension culture. Plant Physiol — Z Pflanzenphysiol — Potrykus I Isolation, fusion and culture of protoplasts. In: Villaneuva JR ed Yeast, mold and plant protoplast.

Academic Press, New York, pp — Rechinger C Studies on the limits of Teilbarkeit in the plant kingdom. Abh Zool Bot Ges London — Reinert J The control of morphogenesis and induction of adventitious tissue culture from carrots. Planta — Reinhard E Biotransformations by plant tissue cultures. In: Street HE ed Tissue culture and plant science. Academic Press, London, pp — Robbins WJ Cultivation of excised root tips and stem tips under sterile condition.

Bot Gaz Schleiden MJ Contribution to phytogenesis. Millers Arch Anant Physiol — Schwann T Microscopical researches into the accordance in the structure and growth of animals and plants. The Sydenham Society, London. Skoog F Growth and organ formation in tobacco tissue culture. Skoog F, Miller CO Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissue cultures in vitro.

Symp Soc Exp Biol — Skoog F, Tsui C Chemical control of growth and bud formation in tobacco stem segments and callus cultured in vitro. They obtained protoplasts from root tips for Lycopersicon esculentum using cellulase produced by the fungus. Protoplasts isolation and their use in somatic hybridization opened new avenues of improving plant species.

Subsequently, the technique found wide applications because of availability of cellulase at commercial level. At that time they started attempting fusion of legume cells containing bacteria with non-legume cells towards developing non-legume nitrogen fixing plants. They continue these efforts with the establishment of research centre for nitrogen fixation studies.

They Bhojwani and Cocking, were also successful in isolating protoplasts from pollen grains and pollen mother cells. They used protoplasts for understanding tobacco mosaic virus infection and multiplication in plant cells. Development of technique of protoplasts isolation has many applications in cell biology, plant physiology and genetic engineering as mentioned in the chapter on protoplast culture.

Besides many articles on protoplasts culture, his some of the recent publications are as follows:. In: Methods in Molecular Biology. Journal of Experimental Botany 50, Indra K. Vasil and Dr. They joined the laboratory of Professor A. Hildebrandt at Madison, Wisconsin, as post-doctoral fellow. Vasil, V. The landmark work of Vimla Vasil on culture of single isolated cells of tobacco has opened new applications of cell cultures in genetics, morphogenesis and vegetative propagation and proved the totipotency of cell.

Single cells of hybrid tobacco callus were grown in micro-chambers in the absence of any other cells, in fresh liquid medium containing coconut milk. These produced a colony of cells in days. Upon transfer from the micro-chambers to agar medium, cell clumps produced callus in 3 months, which ultimately produced complete plantlets Vasil V. During his stay at Wisconsin, I.

Vasil studied cell differentiation and morphogenetic behaviour in Petroselinum hortense and Cichorium endivia. He was successful in producing C. Presently I. Vasil and V. Vasil has contributed significantly on the cell culture, protoplasts cultures and somatic embryogenesis of cereals monocotyledons , particularly Pennisetum americanum, Panicum maximum, Triticum aestivum, and Zea mays.

He has edited a series of books on plant tissue culture and somatic cell genetics of higher plants published by Academic Press. Monocotyledons, particularly the cereals were considered unsuitable material to regenerate via somatic embryogenesis. K Vasil and co-workers demonstrated that the young leaves, inflorescences or embryos are useful in initiating embryogenic cultures.

The comprehensive work showed that selection and maintenance of embryogenic cultures at an early stage is important for maintaining long term embryogenic potential. Establishment of embryogenic and non-embryogenic lines in monocotyledons and concept about these cultures were given by I. Embryogenic cultures are compact, dry, amorphous and white in colour as compared to non-embryogenic cultures which are watery, dirty white to light brown in colour and soft in nature.

It is necessary to isolate and maintain separately embryogenic cultures. Professor Albert C. Hildebrandt was a professor at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, U. As a graduate student and through ensuing years as a staff member, Hildebrandt worked closely with Professor A. Riker, who had a keen interest in the effect of the crown gall bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, on the host plants and its possible relation to cancer in animals.

Professor Riker was a plant pathologist and used plant tissue culture to understand the basic biology of infection of plant pathogens Hildebrandt and Riker, As an approach to the study of crown gall disease, Hildebrandt began the study of the growth in vitro of excised plant tissue, both healthy and diseased. Hildebrandt became an internationally recognized authority on tissue culture.

He was very active in the international tissue culture association. He contributed chapters to several books and manuals concerning tissue culture techniques and their uses. The tissue culture work began with the study of the isolation and growth of tissues in culture, including the effects of nutrition and environment. Isolations were made from healthy stems, galls, apical meristems and anthers.

The effects of bacteria and viruses on these callus tissues were widely studied. Tissues were induced to differentiate back to entire plants through the use of plant growth substances. This was done with a number of plant species- tobacco, sunflower, potato, geranium, gladiolus, African violets, poplar and cassava. Hildebrandt, with his students, then developed methods for isolating single cells from tissue cultures micro-chamber, nurse tissue culture etc , growing them in liquid culture and again inducing them to differentiate back to the original plant Sievert and Hildebrandt, A great deal of still- and cine-photomicroscopy was done on the growth of isolated cells and their relation to disease organisms.

This work on regeneration of plants from single cells Vasil and Hildebrandt, became the basis for the eventual development of the technique for the plant transformation in the bio-technology industry. Hildebrandt also proposed for the first time the possibility of fusion of somatic cells, the somatic hybridization. Hildebrandt formulated a plant tissue culture medium known as Schenk and Hildebrandt medium.

The isolation of single cells from apical meristems and anthers was used as a means to produce virus-free plants. Hildebrandt did this for several plants, including, geranium, gladiolus and poplar. Virus-free stock was propagated and made available to commercial growers. Related to this work was the study of several virus diseases of gladiolus and geranium.

Hildebrandt was resource person for information on diseases of floricultural crops for growers of the state. Hildebrandt was born in State college, Pennsylvania, on April 10, He obtained his Ph. He retired in Emeritus Prof. Hildebrandt, age 84, died on January 4, Plant Physiology Hildebrandt AC Single cell culture, protoplasts and plant viruses.

As a graduate student he worked with Professor Skoog on nutrition of plant cells using tobacco pith cells as an experimental material.

Toshio murashige biography of mahatma

During that period plant tissue culture was in its developmental stage. Physiologia Plantarum In the study, the optimal concentration of each individual element was determined empirically. This is a synthetic medium and is designed to assay the effect of organic supplements. This is the most widely used medium for plant tissue culture work. Later on, other media were developed based on this formulation.

After joining the University of California, he worked on developing micro propagation technique and established three stage micro propagation systems. According to him each stage has a different nutrient and light requirement. He worked on multiplication of several plant species belonging to diverse taxa e. He also worked on process of somatic embryo formation using carrot and citrus plants and described changes at molecular levels during the process.

The following two contributions are well appreciated among several hundred articles he has published:. Murashige T. Plant propagation through tissue culture. Annual Review of Plant Physiology Presently he is working as emeritus scientist on problem of rejuvenation in adult tree explants. Rejuvenation of trees is evident by restored organogenesis, leaf morphology and shoot vigor, and diminishing leaf abscission, chlorosis and tissue and culture medium discoloration in vitro.

Investigation of the underlying mechanism, using in vitro growing shoots, disclosed identical agarose gel electrophoretic patterns of mitochondrial DNA extracted from juvenile and rejuvenated shoots and distinct from the mitochondrial DNA of adult shoots. Restoration of vigor and rooting competence in stem tissues of mature citrus by repeated grafting of shoot apices onto freshly germinated seedlings in vitro.

In vitro Cell. Biology — Plant 28P The most outstanding Indian embryologist, P. Maheshwari was trained at Allahabad by Dudgeon. Maheshwari remained as expert of Botany for almost three decades. After completing the D. Thesis at Allahabad, he moved to the Agra College , and after serving brief tenures at Allahabad , Lucknow and Dacca , at the invitation of the Vice-Chancellor Sir Maurice Gwyier , he joined the University of Delhi and established a very productive school of embryology.

The earlier work of Prof. Maheshwari was concerned with embryology, which he started in at Agra. By , a flourishing school of Angiosperm Embryology was established and in coming years, this centre became internationally known. Johri, V. Puri, B. Singh and H. Effects of amino acid components of yeast extract on the growth of tobacco tissue in vitro.

Heller, R. Monnier, M. Murashige, T. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Gamborg, O. Miller, and K. Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Cell Res. Gautheret, R. Masson et Cie, Paris. Riker, and B. The influence of the composition of the medium on growth in vitro of excised tobacco and sunflower tissue cultures.

Knudson, L. A new nutrient solution for the germination of orchid seeds. Orchid Soc. Margara, J. Rancillac, and A. Nitsch, J. Haploid plants from pollen grains. Science 85— Schenk, R. Medium and techniques for induction and growth of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cell cultures. Torrey, J. The role of vitamin and micronutrient elements in the nutrition of the apical meristem of pea roots.

Tripathi, B. Vacin, E. Some pH changes in nutrient solutions. White, P. The Cultivation of Animal and Plant Cells. Ronald Press Co. Aromatic metabolism in plants. Enzymes of the shikimate pathway in suspension cultures of plant cells. Henderson, J. Durrell, and J. The culture of normal sunflower stem callus. Tissue culture of monocotyledons. Growth of suspension cultures of sugarcane cells in chemically defined media.

Paris, D. Action d'un melange d'acides aimines et de vitamines sur la proliferation des cultures de tissus de Crown-Gall de Scorsonere: comparison avec l'action du lait de coco. Reinert, J. The cultivation in vitro of tumor tissues and normal tissues of Picea glauca. Furuhashi, K. Amino acids as nitrogen sources for the growth of rice callus tissues.

Suspension cultures of higher plant cells in synthetic media. Steward, F. Investigations on growth and metabolism of plant cells. Evidence on the role of the coconut-milk factor in development. Withner, C. Orchid culture media and nutrient solutions. In: C. Withner Ed. Rangan, T. Murashige, and W. In vitro initiation of nucellar embryos in monoembryonic citrus.

HortScience 3: — Kovoor, A. Growth factor requirements of citrus tissue culture. Citrus Symp. Shantz, E. Sources of nitrogen for tissue cultures under optimal conditions for their growth.