Nikolai alexandrovich romanov wiki

Das Feld war als Austragungsort denkbar ungeeignet, weshalb nach Ausbruch einer Massenpanik Menschen den Tod fanden und verletzt wurden. In einer Rede vor Semstwo -Vertretern erteilte er vagen Hoffnungen liberaler Kreise auf demokratische Reformen eine Absage und legte das Grundprinzip seiner Herrschaftsauffassung dar:. Dies hatte zur Folge, dass sich die gesamte Staatsmacht auf die Person des Kaisers konzentrierte.

Vielmehr dienten ihm die konservative Doktrin Pobedonoszews und die Politik seines Vaters als Leitlinien seiner Herrschaft. Die ersten Regierungsjahre Nikolaus II. Finnen , Balten , Polen. Aufgrund der schlechten Versorgungslage wollte am Es wurden Reformen und politische Mitbestimmung gefordert. August in einem Dekret der Einberufung eines Parlaments zu.

In dem von Witte ausgearbeiteten Oktobermanifest Hauptartikel Russische Revolution Mai mit einer Thronrede die Duma. Diese Ausschreitungen gingen vor allem auf das Konto nationalistischer , prozaristischer Organisationen, mit deren Gedankengut Nikolaus sympathisierte. Der Regierungsantritt Nikolaus II. Ende des Jahrhunderts fiel in die Hochphase des Imperialismus.

Ostasien , Zentralasien , Balkanhalbinsel. Im Vertrag von Portsmouth 5. Zar Nikolaus II. Mai bis zum Juli den Befehl zur Generalmobilmachung. Der Kriegsausbruch traf Russland nahezu unvorbereitet. An der Ostfront entwickelte sich eine Pattsituation. Nach einem Kriegsjahr beliefen sich die russischen Verluste auf 1,4 Millionen Gefallene oder Verwundete, und I think only about her.

How can I describe her? Pretty, direct, intelligent, lively yet shy. Until , Nicholas was thought to have a strong constitution. During a tour in southern Europe, he contracted an ailment that was initially incorrectly diagnosed as rheumatism. Nicholas's symptoms at that time included back pain and a stiff neck, as well as sensitivity to noise and light.

He thought little of his ailments, however, and continued his tour in Italy. His health rapidly worsened, and he was sent to Southern France. This move brought him no improvement. It was eventually determined that he was suffering from cerebro-spinal meningitis , and it was speculated that this illness of his was caused by a previous accident in a wrestling match, in which Nicholas participated and was thrown down.

He "raised his right hand and took Sasha's [Alexander's] hand Nicholas's death at the early age of 21 thoroughly devastated his mother, who was said to have poured obsessively over all aspects of Nicholas's life. Empress Maria never recovered from his death. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version.

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Nikolai alexandrovich romanov wiki

Russian imperial prince — Nicholas Alexandrovich, c. Peter and Paul Cathedral , St. In , he led Russia into World War I , but the war went badly for Russia and caused great hardship. It led to the fall of the monarchy in the Russian Revolution. He abdicated quit being Tsar in March of that year. On July 17, , Nicholas, his wife and their children were killed by a firing squad , on the orders of the new Bolshevik government.

In , the bones of the Tsar and his family were found in the woods and given a proper burial in St Petersburg in The historians of the Soviet Union often described Nicholas as a tyrant. Modern historians see him as a man who tried to do what was right for his country but did not have the skills and was easily led by people who gave him bad advice.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Page Talk. Read Change Change source View history. Tools Tools. Power then passed into the hands of his second wife, Empress Catherine , who ruled until her death in Before she died in the empress declared that her grandnephew, Ivan VI , should succeed her. This was an attempt to secure the line of her father, while excluding descendants of Peter the Great from inheriting the throne.

Ivan VI was only a one-year-old infant at the time of his succession to the throne, and his parents, Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna and Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick , the ruling regent, were detested for their German counselors and relations. Ivan VI was murdered in while imprisoned, and his parents died from illness during their captivity.

The Holstein-Gottorps of Russia retained the Romanov surname, emphasizing their matrilineal descent from Peter the Great, through Anna Petrovna Peter I's elder daughter by his second wife. Petersburg and proclaimed him her heir. In time, she married him off to a German princess, Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst. She reigned as Catherine the Great. Catherine's son, Paul I , who succeeded his mother in , [ 7 ] was particularly proud to be a great-grandson of Peter the Great, although his mother's memoirs arguably insinuate that Paul's natural father was, in fact, her lover Sergei Saltykov , rather than her husband, Peter.

Painfully aware of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, Paul decreed house laws for the Romanovs — the so-called Pauline Laws , among the strictest in Europe — which established semi-Salic primogeniture as the rule of succession to the throne, requiring Orthodox faith for the monarch and dynasts, and for the consorts of the monarchs and their near heirs.

Later, Alexander I , responding to the morganatic marriage of his brother and heir, [ 7 ] added the requirement that consorts of all Russian dynasts in the male line had to be of equal birth i. Paul I was murdered in his palace in Saint Petersburg in Alexander I, succeeded him on the throne and later died without leaving a son.

His brother, crowned Nicholas I , succeeded him on the throne [ 11 ] in The succession was far from smooth, however, as hundreds of troops took the oath of allegiance to Nicholas's elder brother, Constantine Pavlovich who, unbeknownst to them, had renounced his claim to the throne in , following his marriage. The confusion, combined with opposition to Nicholas' accession, led to the Decembrist revolt.

While Alexander considered it his charge to maintain peace in Europe and Russia, he believed only a strong Russian military could keep the peace. By developing the Imperial Russian Army , giving increased autonomy to Finland , and freeing the serfs in he gained much popular support for his reign. Despite his popularity, however, his family life began to unravel by the mids.

In , his eldest son, and heir, Tsarevich Nicholas , died suddenly. His wife, Empress Maria Alexandrovna , who suffered from tuberculosis, spent much of her time abroad. Alexander eventually turned to a mistress, Princess Catherine Dolgorukova. Immediately following the death of his wife in he contracted a morganatic marriage with Dolgorukova.

In particular, the grand duchesses were scandalized at the prospect of deferring to a woman who had borne Alexander several children during his wife's lifetime. Before Princess Catherine could be elevated in rank, however, on 13 March Alexander was assassinated by a hand-made bomb hurled by Ignacy Hryniewiecki. Slavic patriotism, cultural revival, and Panslavist ideas grew in importance in the latter half of this century, evoking expectations of a more Russian than cosmopolitan dynasty.

Several marriages were contracted with members of other reigning Slavic or Orthodox dynasties Greece , Montenegro , Serbia. This tsar, the second-to-last Romanov emperor, was responsible for conservative reforms in Russia. Not expected to inherit the throne, he was educated in matters of state only after the death of his older brother, Nicholas.

Lack of diplomatic training may have influenced his politics as well as those of his son, Nicholas II. Alexander III was physically impressive, being not only tall 1. His beard hearkened back to the likeness of tsars of old, contributing to an aura of brusque authority, awe-inspiring to some, alienating to others. Alexander, fearful of the fate which had befallen his father, strengthened autocratic rule in Russia.

Some of the reforms the more liberal Alexander II had pushed through were reversed. Nicholas reputedly said, "I am not ready to be tsar Though a kind-hearted man, he tended to leave intact his father's harsh policies. For her part the shy Alix, who took the name Alexandra Feodorovna, became a devout convert to Orthodoxy as well as a devoted wife to Nicholas and mother to their five children, yet avoided many of the social duties traditional for Russia's tsarinas.

His well-known devotion to her injured both his and the dynasty's reputation during World War I, due to both her German origin and her unique relationship with Rasputin , whose role in the life of her only son was not widely known. Alexandra was a carrier of the gene for haemophilia , inherited from her maternal grandmother , Queen Victoria.

Constantine Pavlovich and Michael Alexandrovich , both morganatically married, are occasionally counted among Russia's emperors by historians who observe that the Russian monarchy did not legally permit interregnums. Yet neither was crowned; Constantine renounced the throne before his brother's death, and Michael deferred his acceptance of the throne, effectively ending the monarchy.

While several members of the imperial family managed to stay on good terms with the Provisional Government and were eventually able to leave Russia, Nicholas II and his family were sent into exile in the Siberian town of Tobolsk by Alexander Kerensky in August In April , the Romanovs were moved to the Russian town of Yekaterinburg , in the Urals, where they were placed in the Ipatiev House.

Here, on the night of 16—17 July , the entire Russian Imperial Romanov family, along with several of their retainers, were executed by Bolshevik revolutionaries, most likely on the orders of Vladimir Lenin. Late on the night of 16 July, Nicholas, Alexandra, their five children and four servants were ordered to dress quickly and go down to the cellar of the house in which they were being held.

There, the family and servants were arranged in two rows for a photograph they were told was being taken to quell rumors that they had escaped. Suddenly, a dozen armed men burst into the room and gunned down the imperial family in a hail of gunfire. Those who were still breathing when the smoke cleared were stabbed to death. The remains of Nicholas, Alexandra and three of their children were excavated in a forest near Yekaterinburg in and positively identified two years later using DNA analysis.

The Crown Prince Alexei and one Romanov daughter were not accounted for, fueling the persistent legend that Anastasia, the youngest Romanov daughter, had survived the execution of her family. Of the several "Anastasias" that surfaced in Europe in the decade after the Russian Revolution, Anna Anderson, who died in the United States in , was the most convincing.

Initially, gunmen shot at Nicholas who immediately fell dead as a result of multiple bullet wounds. Then the dark room where the family was held filled with smoke and dust from the spray of bullets. With limited visibility, the gunmen shot blindly, often hitting the ceiling and walls, creating more dust and debris. As a result of this many of the gunmen themselves became injured.

Alexandra was soon shot in the head by military commissar Peter Ermakov and was killed. It was not until after the room had been cleared of smoke that the shooters re-entered to find the remaining imperial family still alive and uninjured. Maria attempted to escape through the doors at the rear of the room, leading to a storage area, but the doors were nailed shut.

The noise produced as she rattled the doors attracted the attention of Ermakov. Some of the family were shot in the head, but several of the others, including the young and frail tsarevich, would not die either from multiple close-range bullet wounds or bayonet stabs. The gunmen then proceeded to shoot each family member once again. Even so, two of the daughters were still alive 10 minutes later, and were then bludgeoned with the butt of a rifle ending their lives.

Later it was discovered that the bullets and bayonet stabs had been partially blocked by diamonds sewn into the children's clothing. Following the murder of the Romanov family, the Bolsheviks made several attempts to dispose of the bodies. Initially the bodies were to be thrown down a mineshaft; however, the location of the disposal site was revealed to locals, causing them to change the location.

Instead of a burial, the Bolsheviks decided to burn two of the corpses of the former royal family. Burning the corpses proved to be difficult as it took significant time, so the group resorted to disfiguring the pair with acid. In a rush, the Bolsheviks threw nine additional bodies into a grave and covered them with acid as well. The bodies of the Romanovs were then hidden and moved several times before being interred in an unmarked pit where they remained until the summer of when amateur enthusiasts disinterred and re-buried some of them, and then decided to conceal the find until the fall of communism.

In the grave site was excavated and the bodies were given a state funeral under the nascent democracy of post-Soviet Russia, and several years later DNA and other forensic evidence was used by Russian and international scientists to make accurate identifications. The large memorial church " on the blood " has been built on the spot where the Ipatiev House once stood.

In Orthodoxy, a passion-bearer is a saint who was not killed because of his faith, like a martyr; but who died in faith at the hand of murderers. In the mids, Dr. Alexander Avdonin discovered the mass grave containing the remains of Nicholas II, Alexandra Feodorovna, and three of five Romanov children. The remains were found near Old Koptyaki road in Yekaterinburg, Russia.

The grave contained 44 heavily degraded bone and tooth fragments. Avdonin released his discovery following the collapse of the Soviet Union in prompting investigation by the Russian government. The area where the remains were found was near the old Koptyaki Road, under what appeared to be double bonfire sites about 70 meters ft from the mass grave in Pigs Meadow near Yekaterinburg.

Their brother Alexei was just a few weeks away from turning Alexei's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were 22 and 21 years old at the time of the murder respectively. The bones were found using metal detectors and metal rods as probes. Also, striped material was found that appeared to have been from a blue-and-white striped cloth; Alexei commonly wore a blue-and-white striped undershirt.