Muhammad ibn saud biography examples

Ibn Saud's family then known as the Al Muqrin traced its descent to the Banu Hanifa tribes but, despite popular misconceptions, Muhammad bin Saud was neither a nomadic Bedouin nor a tribal leader. Rather, he was the ruler emir of the town of Diriyah near modern-day Riyadh. Muhammad bin Saud was born in Diriyah in Muhammad bin Saud became local emir of Diriyah in Thereafter, the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud and the descendants of Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab, the Al ash-Sheikh , have remained closely linked.

However, the alliance was not totally supported by his family, and one of his brothers, Thunayyan bin Saud, objected to such a cooperation. Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab provided Muhammad bin Saud with the military backing for the House of Saud and helped establish the dynasty among other forces in the Arabian peninsula. Muhammad bin Saud initiated attacks against the ruler of Riyadh, Dahham bin Dawwas, in The way he set up his government has served as the model for rulers of the House of Saud to the present day.

The government was based on Islamic principles and made use of shura. He ruled the emirate until his death in Muhammad bin Saud dressed in a plain way and, unlike those of the Mamluk and Ottoman rulers , his armaments were not decorated. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version.

In other projects. Wikidata item. Founder of the Emirate of Diriyah and the Al Saud dynasty — In this Arabic name , the surname is Al Muqrin. Mani' Al Saud founder. He carried into death all the scars of his battles to build and defend a kingdom encompassing most of the Arabian Peninsula, from the southern borders of Iraq and Jordan to the northern border of Yemen, and from the east coast of the Red Sea to the west coast of the Persian Gulf, including the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.

He left it to the Al Saud name, his forty-three sons and the Wahhabi ulema. He also bequeathed the wealth that his negotiations with international oil companies had delivered and the security that the United States provided. But he also left his country, his people and his heirs with the flaws of his legacy. Abdul Aziz never made the transition from tribal sheikh to head of state.

Nor did he ever differentiate between the resources of the sheikh and the resources of the government. Tormented by the fear of family infighting that destroyed the first Al Saud empire, he established a system of succession to the throne that today endangers the very family it was designed to protect. On the death of the founding father, his oldest son, Saud, became the king.

Although the House of Saud has avoided a rupture, the system has proved problematic. Saud, weak and corrupted, was forced out by the family. Faisal, the most revered of the kings who followed Abdul Aziz, was assassinated by his nephew. Khalid, regarded by his subjects as a kindly sheikh, reigned while his brother Fahd ruled. As crown prince and king, Fahd pushed development and shunned the bedouin ethos and religious piety of his predecessors.

It is the current king, Abdullah, combining the attributes of a great bedouin sheikh, pious Wahhabi and cautious reformer, who comes closest to the model of Abdul Aziz. He is now in his late eighties and in poor health. Through his death, the House of Saud escaped the succession of the long-time defense minister, Sultan, who was detested by most Saudis.

That leaves Prince Nayef to succeed Abdullah if the pattern holds. As head of the dreaded security services, he claims neither the charisma nor the respect earned by Abdul Aziz, Faisal and Abdullah. He is also seventy-nine years old. If not after the death of Abdullah, then soon the House of Saud must move to the next generation. Who will lead this next generation?

Where will his legitimacy come from, since the Wahhabi ulema are now seen as servants of the state, not defenders of the faith? How strong is the tribal system after four decades of rapid development? How willing are the Al Sauds to open up the political and economic system in which they have always operated as the state itself? How strong are those who trace their theology back to the Ikhwan?

In , the heirs of Abdul Aziz faced their own Ikhwan revolt when religious militants seized the Grand Mosque at Mecca. Others have inflicted and continue to plot acts of terrorism against the kingdom and its ruling family. The long-standing defense alliance with the United States rid Saudi Arabia of the threat of Saddam Hussein in —, but the presence of American forces in the kingdom also required that the House of Saud lessen its security dependence on its long-time protector.

In response to internal opposition, American forces have been pushed farther beyond the horizon and out of sight of those who adhere to strict Wahhabism. With Iraq removed as a counterbalance to Iran by the American invasion, the House of Saud now also faces the threat of Shia Iran, whose population is three times that of Saudi Arabia. To grasp the character of Saudi Arabia and what the future might hold for it, any thinking Westerner must understand Abdul Aziz.

Darlow and Bray have brought him to life for those who perhaps know the name Ibn Saud but not the man who forged one of the pivotal countries in the world today out of the rock and sand of the Arabian Peninsula. Norton, as well as other works on Middle East politics and culture. Norton, He played a significant role in supporting him throughout his reign and proved his mettle as a leader when Diriyah was attacked in by the Banu Khalid tribe of Al-Ahsa.

In , Imam Mohammed assumed the leadership. As the son of Imam Saud, the role was rightfully his, but he was also the popular choice. By the time of his death in , Imam Mohammed bin Saud had laid the foundations for the greatest political entity central Arabia had ever seen. Already renowned as a man of action, Imam Mohammed would also prove himself to be a wise leader.

Determined to bring the centuries of bickering and petty rivalries to an end, he set about achieving political and administrative unity, first among the neighboring towns of Najd, and ultimately further afield, with the aim of establishing a greater Arabian state. He would go down in history as Saud the Great, because it was during his reign that the First Saudi State reached its zenith, ruling over most of the Arabian Peninsula and ejecting the Ottomans from the Holy Cities of Madinah and Makkah.

Upon the death of Saud the Great in , his eldest son and successor Imam Abdullah inherited the wrath of Istanbul, which dispatched a vast force to end the threat Diriyah posed to Ottoman authority in Arabia. Imam Abdullah bin Saud, the fourth and final ruler of the First Saudi State, was taken in chains to Istanbul, where he was executed.

He was the father of almost one hundred children, including 45 sons. Mohammed Leopold Weiss reported in that one of Ibn Saud's spouses had poisoned the King in , causing him to have poor sight in one eye. One of the significant publications about Ibn Saud in the Western media was a comprehensive article by Noel Busch published in Life magazine in May which introduced him as a legendary monarch.

Ibn Saud had a kennel for salukis , a dog breed originated in the Middle East. Ibn Saud was said to be very close to his paternal aunt, Jawhara bint Faisal. From a young age, she ingrained in him a strong sense of family destiny and motivated him to regain the lost glory of the House of Saud. During the years when the Al Saud family were living almost as refugees in Kuwait, Jawhara bint Faisal frequently recounted the deeds of his ancestors to Ibn Saud and exhorted him not to be content with the existing situation.

She was instrumental in making him decide to return to Nejd from Kuwait and regain the territories of his family. She was well educated in Islam, in Arab custom and in tribal and clan relationships. She remained among the King's most trusted and influential advisors all her life. Ibn Saud asked her about the experiences of past rulers and the historical allegiance and the roles of tribes and individuals.

Jawhara was also deeply respected by the King's children. The King visited her daily until she died around Ibn Saud was also very close to his sister Noura , who was one year older. On several occasions, he identified himself in public with the words: "I am the brother of Noura. On 15 March , three armed men from Oman attacked and tried to assassinate Ibn Saud during his performance of Hajj.

Ibn Saud's eldest son Turki , who was the crown prince of the Kingdoms of Nejd and Hejaz, died at age 18, predeceasing his father. Had Turki not died, he would have been the crown prince. He had many quarrels with his brother Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman as to who should be appointed heir. Muhammad wanted his son Khalid to be designated the heir.

When the King discussed succession before his death, he favoured Prince Faisal as a possible successor over Crown Prince Saud due to Faisal's extensive knowledge, as well as his years of experience. Since Faisal was a child, Ibn Saud recognised him as the most capable of his sons and often tasked him with responsibilities in war and diplomacy. In addition, Faisal was known to embrace a simple Bedouin lifestyle.

Ibn Saud said, "Two things are essential to our state and our people Amani Hamdan argues that the King's attitude towards women's education was encouraging since he expressed his support in a conversation with St John Philby in which he stated, "It is permissible for women to read. Ibn Saud kept slaves, [ 85 ] [ 86 ] and regulated slavery in his kingdom in Ibn Saud repeated the following views about the British authorities many times: "The English are my friends, but I will walk with them only so far as my religion and honor will allow.

Shortly before his death, the King stated, "Verily, my children and my possessions are my enemies. Now, in my declining years, I make men for it. A staunch opponent of Zionism , [ 93 ] Ibn Saud had a highly ambivalent opinion of the Jews. On the one hand he often expressed his dislike for the Jews by referring to the Quran and the Hadith. On the other hand he thought of the Jews, at least those who were not Zionists, as "[g]ood friends of the Arabs", opposed declaring an anti-Jewish jihad and fiercely condemned the anti-Jewish Hebron massacre , which he considered a clear violation of Islamic principles.

Ibn Saud experienced heart disease in his final years and also, was half blind and racked by arthritis. The funeral prayer was performed at Al Hawiyah in Ta'if. Eisenhower issued a message on Ibn Saud's death on 11 November Secretary of State John Foster Dulles stated after the King's death that he would be remembered for his achievements as a statesman.

Media related to Ibn Saud at Wikimedia Commons. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item. First king of Saudi Arabia from to For the Ottoman ruler of the same name, see Abdulaziz of the Ottoman Empire.

In this Arabic name , the surname is Al Saud. Official portrait, s. Al Oud cemetery , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia. See list. Tribal chieftain religious leader politician [ note 2 ]. Early life and family origins. Exile and recapture of Riyadh. See also: Unification of Saudi Arabia. Oil discovery and his rule. Relations with family members.

Thereafter, he reigned as King of Saudi Arabia until his death in It is generally accepted as , although a few sources give it as According to British author Robert Lacey 's book The Kingdom , a leading Saudi historian found records that show Ibn Saud in greeting an important tribal delegation. The historian reasoned that a 10 or year-old child as given by the birth date would have been too young to be allowed to greet such a delegation, while an adolescent of 15 or 16 as given by the date would likely have been allowed.

When Lacey interviewed one of Ibn Saud's sons prior to writing the book, the son recalled that his father often laughed at records showing his birth date to be Ibn Saud's response to such records was reportedly that "I swallowed four years of my life. When used without comment it refers solely to Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, although prior to the capture of Riyadh in it referred to his father, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Lacey , pp.

Glubb 5 November Tun: Edinburgh University Press.

Muhammad ibn saud biography examples

ISBN Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Archived from the original on 22 October Retrieved 28 July Del Testa, ed. Westport, CT: Oryx Press. The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years. Fitzgerald California State University, San Bernardino. Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. JSTOR S2CID Middle Eastern Studies.

Islam House. Retrieved 29 April Al Bayan in Arabic. Retrieved 7 September King Faisal: Personality, Faith and Times. London: Saqi. Beirut: American University of Beirut. Retrieved 23 January Aligarh Muslim University. Selwa Press. Archived from the original PDF on 20 October University of Leeds. Foreign Affairs. University of California, Los Angeles.

ProQuest