A vida de hitler biography pdf

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Search the Wayback Machine Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. Sign up for free Log in. Adolf Hitler [ a ] 20 April — 30 April was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from until his suicide in He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust : the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims.

He lived in Vienna in the first decade of the s before moving to Germany in In , he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was sentenced to five years in prison, serving just over a year of his sentence. While there, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf My Struggle.

After his early release in , Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting pan-Germanism , antisemitism , and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. He frequently denounced communism as being part of an international Jewish conspiracy. By November , the Nazi Party held the most seats in the Reichstag , but not a majority.

No political party was able to form a majority coalition in support of a candidate for chancellor. Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative leaders convinced President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January Shortly thereafter, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of , which began the process of transforming the Weimar Republic into Nazi Germany, a one-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism.

Upon Hindenburg's death on 2 August , Hitler succeeded him, becoming simultaneously the head of state and government, with absolute power. Domestically, Hitler implemented numerous racist policies and sought to deport or kill German Jews. His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression , the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after World War I, and the annexation of territories inhabited by millions of ethnic Germans, which initially gave him significant popular support.

One of Hitler's key goals was Lebensraum lit. He directed large-scale rearmament and, on 1 September , invaded Poland, causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany. In June , Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. In December , he declared war on the United States. These gains were gradually reversed after , and in the Allied armies defeated the German army.

The couple committed suicide the next day to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army. In accordance with Hitler's wishes, their corpses were burned. The historian and biographer Ian Kershaw described Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". Hitler and the Nazi regime were also responsible for the deliberate killing of an estimated In addition, The number of civilians killed during World War II was unprecedented in warfare, and the casualties constitute the deadliest conflict in history.

Hitler's father, Alois Hitler — , was the illegitimate child of Maria Schicklgruber. In , Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois's mother. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler. Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Alois's mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz , and that the family's year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois, a claim that came to be known as the Frankenberger thesis.

Three of Hitler's siblings—Gustav, Ida, and Otto—died in infancy. Hitler attended Volksschule a state-funded primary school in nearby Fischlham. The move to Hafeld coincided with the onset of intense father-son conflicts caused by Hitler's refusal to conform to the strict discipline of his school. Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld ended in failure, and in the family moved to Lambach.

The eight-year-old Hitler took singing lessons, sang in the church choir, and even considered becoming a priest. Hitler was deeply affected by the death of his younger brother Edmund in from measles. Hitler changed from a confident, outgoing, conscientious student to a morose, detached boy who constantly fought with his father and teachers. Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps.

Like many Austrian Germans, Hitler began to develop German nationalist ideas from a young age. In , Hitler left Linz to live and study fine art in Vienna , financed by orphan's benefits and support from his mother. He applied for admission to the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna but was rejected twice. On 21 December , his mother died of breast cancer at the age of 47; Hitler was 18 at the time.

In Vienna, Hitler was first exposed to racist rhetoric. German nationalism was even more widespread in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler then lived. The origin and development of Hitler's anti-Semitism remains a matter of debate. Hitler had dealings with Jews while living in Vienna. Evans states that "historians now generally agree that his notorious, murderous anti-Semitism emerged well after Germany's defeat [in World War I], as a product of the paranoid "stab-in-the-back" explanation for the catastrophe".

Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May and moved to Munich , Germany. After he was deemed unfit for service, he returned to Munich. During his service at headquarters, Hitler pursued his artwork, drawing cartoons and instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of the Somme in October , he was wounded in the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout.

Hitler described his role in World War I as "the greatest of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany had to relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland. The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country.

Many Germans saw the treaty as an unjust humiliation. They especially objected to Article , which they interpreted as declaring Germany responsible for the war. He gave him a copy of his pamphlet My Political Awakening , which contained anti-Semitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist , and anti-Marxist ideas. Hitler made his earliest known written statement about the Jewish question in a 16 September letter to Adolf Gemlich now known as the Gemlich letter.

In the letter, Hitler argues that the aim of the government "must unshakably be the removal of the Jews altogether". Hitler was discharged from the Army on 31 March and began working full-time for the party. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews.

The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the Nazi Party. Opponents of Hitler in the leadership had Hermann Esser expelled from the party, and they printed 3, copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party.

His strategy proved successful, and at a special party congress on 29 July, he was granted absolute power as party chairman, succeeding Drexler, by a vote of to 1. Hitler's vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. A demagogue , [ ] he became adept at using populist themes, including the use of scapegoats , who were blamed for his listeners' economic hardships.

We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. A critical influence on Hitler's thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung , [ ] a conspiratorial group of White Russian exiles and early Nazis.

The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists, introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism. The programme of the Nazi Party was laid out in their point programme on 24 February For Hitler, the most important aspect of it was its strong anti-Semitic stance.

He also perceived the programme as primarily a basis for propaganda and for attracting people to the party. The Nazi Party used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini 's " March on Rome " of by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by a challenge to the government in Berlin.

Interrupting Kahr's speech, he announced that the national revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. Neither the Army nor the state police joined forces with Hitler. Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl and by some accounts contemplated suicide. On 1 April, Hitler was sentenced to five years' imprisonment at Landsberg Prison.

Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December , against the state prosecutor's objections. While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf lit. The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. Throughout the book, Jews are equated with "germs" and presented as the "international poisoners" of society.

According to Hitler's ideology, the only solution was their extermination. While Hitler did not describe exactly how this was to be accomplished, his "inherent genocidal thrust is undeniable", according to Ian Kershaw. Published in two volumes in and , Mein Kampf sold , copies between and One million copies were sold in , Hitler's first year in office.

At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative and the economy had improved, limiting Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. In a meeting with the Prime Minister of Bavaria, Heinrich Held , on 4 January , Hitler agreed to respect the state's authority and promised that he would seek political power only through the democratic process.

The meeting paved the way for the ban on the Nazi Party to be lifted on 16 February. However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist elements of the party's programme.

The stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October The impact in Germany was dire: millions became unemployed and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the Nazi Party prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to repudiate the Versailles Treaty, strengthen the economy, and provide jobs.

The Great Depression provided a political opportunity for Hitler. Germans were ambivalent about the parliamentary republic , which faced challenges from right- and left-wing extremists. The moderate political parties were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of helped to elevate Nazi ideology. Governance by decree became the new norm and paved the way for authoritarian forms of government.

Hitler made a prominent appearance at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Lieutenants Richard Scheringer and Hanns Ludin , in late Both were charged with membership in the Nazi Party, at that time illegal for Reichswehr personnel. Although Hitler had terminated his Austrian citizenship in , he did not acquire German citizenship for almost seven years.

This meant that he was stateless , legally unable to run for public office, and still faced the risk of deportation. Hitler ran against Hindenburg in the presidential elections. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a strong force in German politics. The absence of an effective government prompted two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg , along with several other industrialists and businessmen, to write a letter to Hindenburg.

The signers urged Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties", which could turn into a movement that would "enrapture millions of people". Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after two further parliamentary elections—in July and November —had not resulted in the formation of a majority government.

On 30 January , the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by the Nazi Party's opponents to build a majority government. Because of the political stalemate, he asked Hindenburg to again dissolve the Reichstag, and elections were scheduled for early March.

On 27 February , the Reichstag building was set on fire. Shirer and Alan Bullock , thought the Nazi Party itself was responsible; [ ] [ ] according to Ian Kershaw, writing in , the view of nearly all modern historians is that van der Lubbe set the fire alone. At Hitler's urging, Hindenburg responded by signing the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February, drafted by the Nazis, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial.

The decree was permitted under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, which gave the president the power to take emergency measures to protect public safety and order. In addition to political campaigning, the Nazi Party engaged in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda in the days preceding the election. On election day, 6 March , the Nazi Party's share of the vote increased to Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority, necessitating another coalition with the DNVP.

On 21 March , the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam. This "Day of Potsdam" was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite and military. Hitler appeared in a morning coat and humbly greeted Hindenburg. These laws could with certain exceptions deviate from the constitution.

Since it would affect the constitution, the Enabling Act required a two-thirds majority to pass. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to arrest all 81 Communist deputies in spite of their virulent campaign against the party, the Nazis had allowed the KPD to contest the election [ ] and prevent several Social Democrats from attending.

Ranks of SA men served as guards inside the building, while large groups outside opposing the proposed legislation shouted slogans and threats towards the arriving members of parliament. The Act passed by a vote of —94, with all parties except the Social Democrats voting in favour. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitler's government into a de facto legal dictatorship.

At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1, years!

A vida de hitler biography pdf

Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his allies began to suppress the remaining opposition. The Social Democratic Party was made illegal, and its assets were seized.

On 2 May , all trade unions were forced to dissolve, and their leaders were arrested. Some were sent to concentration camps. By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. On 14 July , the Nazi Party was declared the only legal political party in Germany. Hindenburg died on 2 August As head of state, Hitler became commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

Immediately after Hindenburg's death, at the instigation of the leadership of the Reichswehr , the traditional loyalty oath of soldiers was altered to affirm loyalty to Hitler personally, by name , rather than to the office of commander-in-chief which was later renamed to supreme commander or the state. In early , Hitler used blackmail to consolidate his hold over the military by instigating the Blomberg—Fritsch affair.

Hitler forced his War Minister, Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg , to resign by using a police dossier that showed that Blomberg's new wife had a record for prostitution. On the same day, sixteen generals were stripped of their commands and 44 more were transferred; all were suspected of not being sufficiently pro-Nazi. Hitler took care to give his dictatorship the appearance of legality.

Many of his decrees were explicitly based on the Reichstag Fire Decree and hence on Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. The Reichstag renewed the Enabling Act twice, each time for a four-year period. In August , Hitler appointed Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht as Minister of Economics, and in the following year, as Plenipotentiary for War Economy in charge of preparing the economy for war.

Wages were slightly lower in the mid to late s compared with wages during the Weimar Republic, while the cost of living increased by 25 per cent. Hitler's government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer , instrumental in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of German culture, was placed in charge of the proposed architectural renovations of Berlin.

Hitler officiated at the opening ceremonies and attended events at both the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and the Summer Games in Berlin. In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February , Hitler spoke of "conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives. Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned these violations of the Treaty but did nothing to stop it.

Hitler called the signing of the AGNA "the happiest day of his life", believing that the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf. Germany reoccupied the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in March , in violation of the Versailles Treaty. Hitler also sent troops to Spain to support Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War after receiving an appeal for help in July At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance.

In October , Count Galeazzo Ciano , foreign minister of Mussolini's government, visited Germany, where he signed a Nine-Point Protocol as an expression of rapprochement and had a personal meeting with Hitler. On 1 November, Mussolini declared an "axis" between Germany and Italy. Hitler abandoned his plan of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming "inadequate" British leadership.

He ordered preparations for war in the East, to begin as early as and no later than In the event of his death, the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandum , were to be regarded as his "political testament". In February , on the advice of his newly appointed foreign minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop , Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Empire of Japan.

Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo , the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria , and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovakian government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia.

In April Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that "whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovakian dispute could curtail Germany's oil supplies. On 14 March , under threat from Hungary, Slovakia declared independence and received protection from Germany.

In private discussions in , Hitler declared Britain the main enemy to be defeated and that Poland's obliteration was a necessary prelude for that goal. Hitler initially favoured the idea of a satellite state, but upon its rejection by the Polish government, he decided to invade and made this the main foreign policy goal of He had repeatedly claimed that he must lead Germany into war before he got too old, as his successors might lack his strength of will.

This plan required tacit Soviet support, [ ] and the non-aggression pact the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, led by Joseph Stalin , included a secret agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the Pact of Steel , prompted Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September.

On 1 September , Germany invaded western Poland under the pretext of having been denied claims to the Free City of Danzig and the right to extraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridor , which Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty. The fall of Poland was followed by what contemporary journalists dubbed the " Phoney War " or Sitzkrieg "sitting war".

Hitler instructed the two newly appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland , to Germanise their areas, with "no questions asked" about how this was accomplished. Greiser soon complained that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be accepted as "racial" Germans and thus endangered German "racial purity".

On 15 May , Himmler issued a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East", calling for the expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and the reduction of the Polish population to a "leaderless class of labourers". On 9 April, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway. On the same day Hitler proclaimed the birth of the Greater Germanic Reich , his vision of a united empire of Germanic nations of Europe in which the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavians were joined into a "racially pure" polity under German leadership.

These victories prompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June. France and Germany signed an armistice on 22 June. Britain, whose troops were forced to evacuate France by sea from Dunkirk , [ ] continued to fight alongside other British dominions in the Battle of the Atlantic. Hitler made peace overtures to the new British leader, Winston Churchill , and upon their rejection he ordered a series of aerial attacks on Royal Air Force airbases and radar stations in southeast England.

On 7 September the systematic nightly bombing of London began. The nightly air raids on British cities intensified and continued for months, including London, Plymouth , and Coventry. Hitler's attempt to integrate the Soviet Union into the anti-British bloc failed after inconclusive talks between Hitler and Molotov in Berlin in November, and he ordered preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union.

In February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italian presence. In April, Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslavia , quickly followed by the invasion of Greece. By early August, Axis troops had advanced km miles and won the Battle of Smolensk. Hitler ordered Army Group Centre to temporarily halt its advance to Moscow and divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of Leningrad and Kiev.